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A crude oil treatment plant is intended for gathering the crude produced by oil wells, primary oil/APG/water separation, subsequent crude oil treatment for transportation, pipeline-quality oil custody transfer metering, APG utilization, and pipeline-quality oil transfer to pipelines.
A gas treatment plant purifies the produced gas by removing contaminants and mechanical impurities and conditions the gas for a normal operation of booster compressor stations and subsequent transferring the gas by pipelines

Booster compressor stations (BCS) are intended for gathering, separation, primary dehydration, metering, and subsequent transferring of oil and APG to central gathering stations.

Compressor stations at oil and gas production facilities can be used for compression of APG and petroleum gas separated at crude oil primary treatment plants. At crude oil treatment plants, compressors are used for the compression of low-pressure gases obtained at crude oil separation stages, crude oil degassing, condensate stabilization, and at vapor recovery units.

For remote and difficult to access oil treatment facilities where the gas is obtained at crude oil separation stages, there is an alternative way to substitute a costly preparation and transportation of gas. A useful utilization of APG, which is otherwise of little avail, is possible as fuel gas in gas fired medium heaters.

A produce storage system means that there are standby reserves available under the conditions which with maximum efficiency contribute to quantitative and qualitative safekeeping of produce during a defined period of time.

At present, standby equipment for storing crude oil and petroleum products is widespread, and it is available at all stages of crude oil recovery. Since the composition, physical and chemical properties of petroleum products can vary depending on a stage, the use of storage tanks of different structural designs and functions is required.

There are the following types of storage tanks depending on the location at site: above-ground storage tanks, semi-underground storage tanks, underground storage tanks, and underwater storage tanks.

For large volumes of liquefied natural gas, an isothermal storage method is used, i.e liquefied gas storage in reservoirs at a temperature which provides a close to atmospheric manometric pressure of saturated vapor.

Liquefied natural gas storage tanks may be subdivided into three main groups:

Stationary/Spherical tanks/reservoirs. These reservoirs are part of LNG deliverability, gasification, and storage system. They are used for a long-term storage of LNG. The capacity of a reservoir is over 50 m.³.

Transportation tanks. They are used for the delivery of LNG to customers.

Technological. They are used for storing LNG that is produced at a gas processing plant, and their function is to provide consumers with liquefied gas on a certain schedule. The capacity of such tanks is less than 50 m3³.

Separation equipment is represented by units that are used for purification and filtration of natural and associated petroleum gasses from various impurities and liquids. It is also used to process crude oil at compressor stations, production facilities, and field units in a proper way for further transportation. Equipment can be installed both vertically and horizontally.

For mediums cleaning from mechanical impurities, fine filters of different filtration grades are applied. In the process of recovery, transportation, and storage, the natural gas is contaminated with various liquid and solid mechanical impurities that are insufficiently removed in cyclone collectors and filter separators, installed traditionally in different points of the natural gas processing train all the way from the field to end customers. Additional problems are related to single liquid plug movement in pipelines due to the accumulation of liquids, caused by an increased carry-over of glycol from dehydration unit absorbers and as a result of condensation. By virtue of the aforementioned reasons, there arises a necessity to protect most sensitive process equipment from the ingress of fine aerosols and liquid plugs. Among such pieces of equipment are the combustion chambers of gas turbine motors used at compressor stations and gas turbine power plants and dry seals of gas compressor units.

Heat transfer equipment is extensively used in oil, gas, and chemical industries as process equipment when it is necessary to maintain a preset operating temperature.

The necessity of utilizing industrial heat transfer equipment is stipulated by the requirements of technological processes.

The classification of heat transfer equipment is based on the following features:

1. Structural execution: tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, heat exchangers made from non-metallic materials;

2. Operating principle: recuperative heat exchangers (working fluid and heat-transfer agent contact across the wall) and regenerative heat exchangers (the separating wall is also the source of heat);

3. Function: heat exchangers, heaters, evaporators, condensers, deaerator, economizers, etc.;

4. Heat-transfer agent flow configuration: cocurrent flow, countercurrent flow, crossflow, and some others;

5. Heat transfer mode: heat transfer surface (across the working surface), direct contact (by mixing working fluid and heat transfer agent);

6. Layout: vertical, horizontal;

7. Working medium types: liquid/liquid (water-to-water), vapor-liquid, and gas-liquid.

GPPs are intended for a complex treatment of gas and can include a combination of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing impurities, contaminants, and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons, as well as to dehydrate the gas, remove sulfur compounds, increase the methane number, separate valuable natural gas liquids (NGL) to produce what is required in Customer specifications.

GPPs are designed and manufactured individually to meet Customer requirements. The configuration of GPP can comprise any auxiliary units

The requirements for the quality of GPP produce are regulated by industrial and national standards (OST, GOST). Depending on the intended use of end products, their main quality criterion is subject to variation.

For the gas supplied to gas mains, the main quality metric is its dew point (water and hydrocarbon dew points in natural gas). In a cold climate, the water dew point shall not be below -20 °С, hydrocarbon dew point shall not be under -10 °С. Besides, the industrial standard regulates such consumer properties of gas as its calorific value and allowable content of sulfur compounds.

Gas supplied to local industrial and municipal consumers is standardized with regard to its calorific value, Wobbe number, and odor intensity.

The main metric of gas as a vehicle fuel is its estimated octane number.

Refrigeration systems is a vast area of expertise, structures, and methods of obtaining low temperatures varying from close to zero to deep freezing values.

Chillers, depending on the refrigerant mechanism of action, are manufactured of two types:

– Absorption type – In an absorption chiller, refrigerant vapors are accumulated in the absorbent (water, Lithium bromide, etc.).

– Compression type – In a compression chiller – vapor condensation units – a refrigerant (ammonia, freon, propane, propylene, and others) is compressed to a liquid state using compressors.

Depending on their intended use, refrigerant type, and power, Compression machines can be of screw, piston, helical, and centrifugal types.

Gasses compression and transport within the plant network is performed using compressors.

At oil refineries, compressors are used to compress process gasses in different types of units: catalytic reforming, hydrorefining, isomerization, catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, oxo synthesis, and others, as well as in the refrigeration systems of alkylation, lubricating oil deparaffinization, gas deoiling units. For the balance of plant needs, compressors are used to compress air and inert and flare gasses.

As regards the operating principle, compressors are subdivided into piston, centrifugal, and screw compressors. As regards their purpose, compressors are subdivided into general industrial air compressors and special gas compressors; and as far as their design is concerned, there are oil-free and ole lubricated compressors.

Rectification is a process of splitting liquid mixture components based on the given mixture components property to boil out at different temperatures. The process itself is carried out immediately in rectifying columns.

Therefore, the process of rectification is a bidirectional mass transfer between the two phases of mixture, one of which is a liquid phase and another – a vapor phase. In other words, it is a repeated contact interaction of nonequilibrium phases in the forms of liquid oil and vapor.
A rectifying column is a vertical cylinder with special partitions inside (trays and nozzles). Vapors of heated oil or another mixture are fed into the column and go upwards. More volatile components rise higher in the column. Each tray located at certain height may be considered as a filter: the vapors that pass the tray contain fewer volatile components. Part of vapors, that have condensed on a certain tray or have not reached it, flow downwards. This liquid, called reflux, meets the rising vapor and heat transfer takes place; as a result, the volatile components of reflux turn into vapor again and go upwards, and high-boiling vapor components condense and flow downwards along with the remaining reflux. Thus, a more accurate fractionation is achieved. The higher the rectifying column is, the more trays it has, and narrower fractions can be produced.

By design, rectifying columns are subdivided into two types: tray columns and packed columns.
In a tray column, the process of rectification is carried out by means of a multiple stage contact of vapor and liquid phases. The principle mass transfer takes place on the trays, and only a minor part of it in the free space of the column.

Packed rectifying columns are less efficient compared with tray columns. Though the working volume of columns is similar, the phases contact area in packed columns is less than in tray columns.

The operating principle of packed columns is analogous to that of tray columns. The difference is in the contact surface area which is created not due to sparging when a gas is bubbled through a liquid on the trays to remove other gases or volatile compounds, but by means of a film flow of liquid through the packing.

Heat and Power Engineering

Modular gas treatment plants are used for:- gas purification, metering, and uninterrupted feed of natural gas to booster compressor stations; – gas purification for gas turbine units, combined cycle units, and compressor stations; – fuel, start-up, and impulse gases supply to compressor stations with gas-turbine gas transfer units and gas-turbine driven balance of plant power generating plants.

Gas treatment plants are either a single-piece or consisting of several modules prefabricated units ready for erection on a foundation built at site in advance.

Gas treatment plants perform the following functions:

1. Removal of mechanical and liquid impurities from the gas supplied to the unit.

2. Metering of treated gas.

3. Dehydration of impulse gas.

4. Heating and automatic maintenance of fuel and stat-up gases within a preset temperature range.

5. Fuel, start-up, and impulse gases pressure reduction and pressure automatic maintenance for gas-turbine units of gas-transfer equipment, emergency power supply equipment, thermal destruction units for the control of air pollution with the products of natural gas treatment.

6. Measurement and control of air quality parameters and gas contamination of plant enclosure displaying the measured parameters at the compressor plant operator workstation.

7. Automatic monitoring of utilities network operation, fire alarm system, and access into the plant enclosure displaying these parameters at the operator workstation.

Booster compressor stations (BCS) operate in electric power, oil and gas, petrochemical and other industries. BCS is the most important technological stage in the gas treatment process. Compressor stations are intended for the compression of natural gas for its further transportation, storage, and feed as fuel to various consumers.

The main feature of booster compressors is their continuous operation, stable discharge pressure maintenance, and robustness.

Centrifugal, piston-type, and screw-type compressors with engines of different types, depending on the purpose, purity, and amount of feed fuel, are used as booster compressors.

Gas metering units are intended for measuring volume and volume flow rate, pressure, and temperature of fuel gas and other single- and multicomponent gases and gas mixtures at operating conditions and their subsequent reduction to the volume at standard conditions.

The gas metering unit operating principle is based on a simultaneous measuring gas flow rate, pressure, and temperature at operating conditions using corresponding measurement channels (MC) and calculation gas flowrate (volume), reduced to the standard conditions. The results of measurement are shown on a display and transmitted via digital communication channels to the personal computer. The gas flow rate and volume at operating conditions are reduced to standard conditions as per GOST 2939-63 in compliance with the requirements of GOST R 8.740-2011.

Metering units are equipped with serially manufactured instruments, registered in the RF National Register and unified as measuring instruments that meet uniform specifications.

The main purposes of metering the gas flow rate are:

1. Data acquisition for settlement between the supplier, the gas transport company, the gas distribution company, and the buyer (consumer) in accordance with gas supply and gas transportation service contracts.

2. Monitoring gas supply systems flow rate and hydraulic modes.

3. Gas supply and transportation modes analysis and optimal control.

4. Drawing up of the gas balance in gas transport and gas distribution systems.

5. Control over rational and efficient gas utilization.